Infrastructure; at and evening

To check this alert, Claude Opus 5 (an AI) read it in full 25 separate times, independently. Each read decided whether the message answers each of the six questions and gave a short reason. A final reviewer then weighed all 25 and wrote the plain-English verdict you see when you open a row. The score (for example 22/25) is how many reads agreed; the 25 individual reads are tucked underneath if you want to check them.

• Sourcepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Present, 25 of 25. The message speaks in the institution's own voice, 'we will be operating on a modified schedule', and points to 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures webpage'.

  Who is sending the alert and who is responding. People act faster on a message from a clearly identifiable, credible sender, such as a named department, the police, or a branded alert system, than on an anonymous notice. A branded signature counts.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Refers to 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures' and speaks as the university.
  2. present: The University speaks as itself, citing Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures.
  3. present: Speaks as the university about "Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures".
  4. present: Written in the university voice, citing 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures webpage'.
  5. present: The University speaks as itself: 'we will be operating', 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
  6. present: Speaks as the university: 'we will be operating' and cites Lehigh's weather procedures.
  7. present: The university speaks for itself, citing Lehigh's weather procedures.
  8. present: Speaks for the University, citing Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures page.
  9. present: 'we will be operating' plus 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures' identify the university.
  10. present: Speaks as the university, citing 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
  11. present: 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures' and 'we will be operating' identify the university.
  12. present: Lehigh speaks as 'we' and links its own adverse weather page.
  13. present: The university speaks as itself, 'we will be operating', with 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
  14. present: Speaks as the University, citing Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures.
  15. present: The university speaks as itself, citing 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
  16. present: Speaks as the university, citing 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
  17. present: The university speaks as "we" and cites Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures.
  18. present: The message speaks as the University, citing "Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures".
  19. present: 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures' and 'we' identify the university.
  20. present: Speaks as the university: 'we will be operating on a modified schedule'.
  21. present: Speaks as the university, citing 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
  22. present: 'we will be operating' with Lehigh's own procedures page marks the university as sender.
  23. present: Speaks as Lehigh, referencing "Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures".
  24. present: The message speaks as the University, citing "Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures".
  25. present: Speaks for the institution, citing 'Lehigh's Adverse Weather Procedures'.
• Hazardpresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Present, 25 of 25. The opening line names the threat outright: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall', with the amount of snow driving the whole notice.

  What the threat actually is. A complete warning names the specific danger, such as a shooter, a fire, a tornado, or a gas leak, rather than a vague emergency, because people decide what to do based on what they are facing.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'A winter storm ... significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  2. present: "A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall" names the hazard.
  3. present: Names a "winter storm" producing significant snowfall.
  4. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  5. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall'.
  6. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  7. present: A winter storm with significant snowfall is named.
  8. present: 'A winter storm' with 'significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  9. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names it.
  10. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  11. present: 'A winter storm' with 'significant snowfall' is a named hazard.
  12. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall'.
  13. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  14. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  15. present: 'A winter storm' with 'significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  16. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  17. present: "A winter storm" with significant snowfall is a named hazard.
  18. present: "A winter storm" with "significant snowfall" names the hazard.
  19. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall'.
  20. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  21. present: 'A winter storm' with 'significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  22. present: 'A winter storm' with 'significant snowfall' names the hazard.
  23. present: "A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall".
  24. present: "A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall" names the hazard.
  25. present: 'A winter storm is forecast to produce significant snowfall' names the hazard.
• Locationpresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Present, 25 of 25. The snowfall is placed 'in the Lehigh Valley' and the affected ground is narrowed to 'campus roads and walkways' and campus offices.

  Where the threat is. Saying whether danger is in a specific building, a part of campus, or area-wide lets people judge their own proximity and choose a safe direction. Without a where, a warning is hard to act on precisely.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and campus roads and walkways.
  2. present: "the Lehigh Valley" and campus roads and walkways are specified.
  3. present: Refers to the Lehigh Valley and campus roads and walkways.
  4. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways' give the area.
  5. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  6. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways' give location.
  7. present: Lehigh Valley and campus roads and walkways.
  8. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways' locate it.
  9. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  10. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and campus roads and walkways.
  11. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  12. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  13. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways' locate it.
  14. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and campus roads and walkways.
  15. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  16. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  17. present: "the Lehigh Valley" and campus roads and walkways.
  18. present: "the Lehigh Valley" and campus roads and walkways locate it.
  19. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  20. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  21. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways'.
  22. present: 'the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways' locate it.
  23. present: "the Lehigh Valley" and campus roads and walkways.
  24. present: "in the Lehigh Valley" and "campus roads and walkways".
  25. present: 'in the Lehigh Valley' and 'campus roads and walkways' locate it.
• Guidancepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Present, 25 of 25. It directs behavior concretely: opening delayed 'until 10 AM Monday morning', pre-10 AM classes shifted online, and 'Instructors should contact students'.

  The protective action to take. A clear, specific instruction, such as shelter in place, evacuate, avoid the area, or run-hide-fight, drives faster and more correct protective behavior than describing the threat alone.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Delays opening until 10 AM and tells instructors to shift classes online and contact students.
  2. present: Opening delayed to 10 AM, classes shift online, instructors told to contact students.
  3. present: Tells instructors to shift classes online and contact students.
  4. present: Instructors are told to contact students and shift pre-10 AM classes online.
  5. present: Offices delayed until 10 AM and instructors told to move classes online.
  6. present: Instructors are told to contact students and classes before 10 AM move online.
  7. present: Offices open at 10 AM and early classes shift online, with instructions.
  8. present: Offices delayed to 10 AM, classes shift online, instructors told to contact students.
  9. present: Delayed opening until 10 AM, classes shift online, instructors to contact students.
  10. present: Instructs instructors to shift classes online and contact students.
  11. present: Offices delayed to 10 AM, classes shifted online, instructors told to contact students.
  12. present: Opening delayed to 10 AM, classes shift online, instructors to contact students.
  13. present: Offices delayed until 10 AM, classes moved online, instructors told to contact students.
  14. present: Directs instructors to shift classes online and contact students.
  15. present: Opening delayed until 10 AM, classes shift online, instructors to contact students.
  16. present: Tells instructors to move classes online and contact students, offices open at 10 AM.
  17. present: Offices delayed to 10 AM, classes move online, instructors told to contact students.
  18. present: Opening delayed to 10 AM and "Instructors should contact students" direct the community.
  19. present: Delayed opening, classes shift online, instructors should contact students.
  20. present: Instructors told to contact students and shift classes online; opening delayed to 10 AM.
  21. present: Classes before 10 AM shift online and instructors must contact students.
  22. present: Delayed opening to 10 AM and shifting early classes online instruct the community.
  23. present: Instructors told to contact students and shift pre-10 AM classes online.
  24. present: Classes before 10 AM shift online and instructors are told to contact students.
  25. present: Tells staff and instructors to follow a delayed opening and shift classes online.
• Timepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Present, 25 of 25. Timing is fixed twice over: snow 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and the modified schedule on 'Monday January 20th' until 10 AM.

  When the message applies. A timestamp, the word now or immediately, or a phrase like until further notice tells the reader whether the danger is current and how quickly to act.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'Monday January 20th' give timing.
  2. present: "tomorrow", "Monday January 20th" and "10 AM" give timing.
  3. present: Gives "Monday January 20th" and a 10 AM opening.
  4. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'until 10 AM Monday morning' fix timing.
  5. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'Monday January 20th'.
  6. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'Monday January 20th' fix timing.
  7. present: Gives tomorrow, Monday January 20th and 10 AM.
  8. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'until 10 AM Monday' give timing.
  9. present: 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM', 'tomorrow' give timing.
  10. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'until 10 AM Monday'.
  11. present: 'tomorrow', 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM'.
  12. present: 'tomorrow', 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM'.
  13. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'until 10 AM Monday morning' give timing.
  14. present: 'tomorrow', 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM' give timing.
  15. present: 'tomorrow', 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM' give timing.
  16. present: 'tomorrow', 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM' give timing.
  17. present: "tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)" and Monday January 20th.
  18. present: "tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)" and "Monday January 20th" give timing.
  19. present: 'Monday January 20th', 'until 10 AM Monday morning'.
  20. present: 'Monday January 20th' and 'until 10 AM' fix the timing.
  21. present: 'tomorrow' and 'until 10 AM Monday morning'.
  22. present: 'tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)' and 'Monday January 20th' give timing.
  23. present: "tomorrow" and "until 10 AM Monday morning" fix the timing.
  24. present: "tomorrow (Sunday afternoon and evening)" and "until 10 AM Monday".
  25. present: 'tomorrow', 'Monday January 20th' and 'until 10 AM' give timing.
• Impactpresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Present, 25 of 25. Consequences are stated: roads and walkways must be cleared and some students 'may have their travel to campus interrupted or delayed' and miss the first day.

  What the hazard could do to the people in its path. Beyond naming the threat, a complete warning conveys its potential consequences or severity, such as that a tornado can level buildings or that a leak could be explosive, so recipients grasp how much danger they are in. Research on warning message content finds that a concrete impact statement helps people personalize their risk and act sooner.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Warns travel may be 'interrupted or delayed' and roads need clearing, a stated consequence.
  2. present: Warns of significant snowfall and interrupted or delayed travel to campus.
  3. present: Warns of significant snowfall and travel "interrupted or delayed".
  4. present: Warns snow will require clearing roads and that 'travel to campus interrupted or delayed' may result.
  5. present: Warns travel to campus may be 'interrupted or delayed' by the snowfall amount.
  6. present: Warns travel 'may be interrupted or delayed' and roads need clearing, a stated consequence.
  7. present: Warns of significant snowfall and interrupted or delayed travel.
  8. present: Warns snow will interrupt or delay student travel and require clearing roads.
  9. present: Warns travel 'may be interrupted or delayed' and roads need clearing, a stated consequence.
  10. present: Anticipates travel 'interrupted or delayed' and need to clear roads, a stated consequence.
  11. present: Warns travel 'interrupted or delayed' and the need to clear roads, a stated consequence.
  12. present: Anticipates travel 'interrupted or delayed' and roads needing clearing.
  13. present: 'significant snowfall' with travel 'interrupted or delayed' states the expected consequence.
  14. present: Warns travel 'may be interrupted or delayed' and snow must be cleared, a stated consequence.
  15. present: Snow amount plus travel 'interrupted or delayed' states the consequence.
  16. present: Warns of 'significant snowfall' and travel 'interrupted or delayed', a stated consequence.
  17. present: It warns travel may be interrupted or delayed and roads need clearing.
  18. present: Warns travel "may" be "interrupted or delayed" and roads need clearing, a stated consequence.
  19. present: Travel 'interrupted or delayed' and significant snowfall requiring clearing convey consequence.
  20. present: Warns travel to campus may be 'interrupted or delayed' by the snow amount.
  21. present: Anticipates travel 'interrupted or delayed' and roads needing clearing.
  22. present: States travel 'interrupted or delayed' and the need to clear roads, a consequence of the snow.
  23. present: Warns snow will require clearing roads and may leave travel "interrupted or delayed".
  24. present: Anticipates travel "interrupted or delayed" and students unable to attend, a stated consequence.
  25. present: Warns snow will disrupt travel and require clearing roads, a stated consequence.