Campus Alert Archive
Southern University

Baton Rouge campuses close for the tropical storm, then reopen after it passes

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Southern University closed its Baton Rouge campuses at 1 p.m. on Sept. 10, 2024 for Tropical Storm Francine and told residential students to shelter or go home if it was safe. The closure ran through Sept. 12. Campuses reopened Friday, Sept. 13. A later post in the same thread names Hurricane Francine.

Alerts
8
Response
—
Killed
—
Injured
—
Institution
Southern University and A&M College
Hbcu · LA
All Southern University cases →
~8,500 studentsJagSafe / official X
Official alert policy
Read when and how Southern University says it will use Jags Safe: summarized, quoted, and analyzed.
Documented Timeline

Alert Sequence

8 messages in sequence · 8 verified verbatim

Confirmed wording is transcribed character-for-character from a primary source. Use Verify this quote under each message to open that source in a new tab and compare the text yourself.

INITIAL ALERTTwitter/X
Verified verbatim246 chars
Southern University’s Baton Rouge campuses are closely monitoring Tropical Storm Francine. Out of an abundance of caution, campuses will close at 1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10. Normal operations are expected to resume on Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 6352b9984fbd1386eadeddde27c57d9adf1631c9f436be964ff3e2ebbe5f0c42.
Thread checked 2026-10-12: this is post 1 of the official self-thread. The later Jags Safe signup post was not filed. fxtwitter expanded its link and the thread read kept t.co.
UPDATETwitter/X
Verified verbatim209 chars
This closure affects all classes, business operations, and activities at Southern University and A&M College, Southern University Law Center, and Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 a3066efcb1390519e1afa20a0796bad0fa8d6a61614ee7e5e73be88ecdc07c88.
Official self-thread post. Two fxtwitter reads matched. The thread text matches.
UPDATETwitter/X
Verified verbatim275 chars
Students who reside in on-campus housing are encouraged to shelter in place or go home if it is safe to do so.   Announcements related to classes, campus operations and activities will be disseminated via campus email, campus websites and social media, and the Jags Safe app.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 19c6b4d00af44e2bce20336ec97d0088af5bfecb01dcd6bb0100bdfe5545b700.
Official self-thread post. A non-breaking space sits on its own line. The thread shows the same two sentences.
UPDATETwitter/X+20h 41m
Verified verbatim217 chars
🚨UPDATE🚨 Southern University’s Baton Rouge campuses continue to monitor Tropical Storm Francine. Campuses will remain closed through Thursday, Sept. 12. Normal operations are expected to resume on Friday, Sept. 13.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 2d59994f6943f2b77d8dbf4d264b89dc5d7d2d254a224f55e2ac980b8dfcd695.
Official update thread, post 1. Two fxtwitter reads matched. The thread text matches, including the siren emoji.
UPDATETwitter/X+20h 41m
Verified verbatim209 chars
This closure affects all classes, business operations, and activities at Southern University and A&M College, Southern University Law Center, and Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 a3066efcb1390519e1afa20a0796bad0fa8d6a61614ee7e5e73be88ecdc07c88.
Official update thread, post 2. Two fxtwitter reads matched.
UPDATETwitter/X+20h 41m
Verified verbatim276 chars
Southern University students who reside in on-campus housing will continue to receive services, including dining. Announcements related to classes, campus operations and activities will be disseminated via campus email, campus websites and social media, and the Jags Safe app.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 f30abc19734b7fc3792ea90e9f6884ce6498195ee9695eb636768c96c5a078d3.
Official update thread, post 3. Two fxtwitter reads matched. The signup post that follows was not filed because the link text disagreed.
ALL CLEARTwitter/X+2d
Verified verbatim274 chars
We hope that everyone is safe! Our #BatonRouge campuses are clear and will resume normal operations on Friday, Sept. 13. Campuses include Southern University and A&M College, Southern University Law Center, and Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 1329cc74786d4c2f01016cbf3eb82a6c3efc2fba0a3bb0f6129dd8b5a2252244.
Official reopen thread, post 1. Two fxtwitter reads matched. The thread text matches.
UPDATETwitter/X+2d
Verified verbatim142 chars
Students affected by #HurricaneFrancine should contact their class instructors. Affected employees should contact their immediate supervisors.
Verify this quote
@SouthernU_BRx.comfind archived copies
Dual read 2026-10-12. sha256 91a8a0319a5e9200e1ef1749c3d1f8064d10b87f095d6d6803a8a0f60cbe10d0.
Official reopen thread, post 2. Names #HurricaneFrancine. The signup post that follows was not filed because the link text disagreed.
Message elements

How the first alert is built

To check this alert, SuperGrok Heavy 4.5 (an AI) read it in full 25 separate times, independently. Each read decided whether the message answers each of the six questions and gave a short reason. A final reviewer then weighed all 25 and wrote the plain-English verdict you see when you open a row. The score (for example 22/25) is how many reads agreed; the 25 individual reads are tucked underneath if you want to check them.

Southern University’s Baton Rouge campuses are closely monitoring Tropical Storm Francine. Out of an abundance of caution, campuses will close at 1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10. Normal operations are expected to resume on Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon.

  • Sourcepresent25/25

    Final assessment

    25 of 25 passes marked this present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.

    Who is sending the alert and who is responding. People act faster on a message from a clearly identifiable, credible sender, such as a named department, the police, or a branded alert system, than on an anonymous notice. A branded signature counts.

    See all 25 individual reads
    1. present: First reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    2. present: Second reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    3. present: Third reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    4. present: Fourth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    5. present: Fifth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    6. present: Sixth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    7. present: Seventh reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    8. present: Eighth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    9. present: Ninth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    10. present: Tenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    11. present: Eleventh reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    12. present: Twelfth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    13. present: Thirteenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    14. present: Fourteenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    15. present: Fifteenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    16. present: Sixteenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    17. present: Seventeenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    18. present: Eighteenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    19. present: Nineteenth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    20. present: Twentieth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    21. present: Twenty-first reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    22. present: Twenty-second reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    23. present: Twenty-third reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    24. present: Twenty-fourth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
    25. present: Twenty-fifth reading: present. "Southern University" names the institution sending the notice.
  • Hazardpresent25/25

    Final assessment

    25 of 25 passes marked this present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.

    What the threat actually is. A complete warning names the specific danger, such as a shooter, a fire, a tornado, or a gas leak, rather than a vague emergency, because people decide what to do based on what they are facing.

    See all 25 individual reads
    1. present: First reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    2. present: Second reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    3. present: Third reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    4. present: Fourth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    5. present: Fifth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    6. present: Sixth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    7. present: Seventh reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    8. present: Eighth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    9. present: Ninth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    10. present: Tenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    11. present: Eleventh reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    12. present: Twelfth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    13. present: Thirteenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    14. present: Fourteenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    15. present: Fifteenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    16. present: Sixteenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    17. present: Seventeenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    18. present: Eighteenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    19. present: Nineteenth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    20. present: Twentieth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    21. present: Twenty-first reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    22. present: Twenty-second reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    23. present: Twenty-third reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    24. present: Twenty-fourth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
    25. present: Twenty-fifth reading: present. "Tropical Storm Francine" names the storm.
  • Locationpresent25/25

    Final assessment

    25 of 25 passes marked this present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.

    Where the threat is. Saying whether danger is in a specific building, a part of campus, or area-wide lets people judge their own proximity and choose a safe direction. Without a where, a warning is hard to act on precisely.

    See all 25 individual reads
    1. present: First reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    2. present: Second reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    3. present: Third reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    4. present: Fourth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    5. present: Fifth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    6. present: Sixth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    7. present: Seventh reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    8. present: Eighth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    9. present: Ninth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    10. present: Tenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    11. present: Eleventh reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    12. present: Twelfth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    13. present: Thirteenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    14. present: Fourteenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    15. present: Fifteenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    16. present: Sixteenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    17. present: Seventeenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    18. present: Eighteenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    19. present: Nineteenth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    20. present: Twentieth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    21. present: Twenty-first reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    22. present: Twenty-second reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    23. present: Twenty-third reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    24. present: Twenty-fourth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
    25. present: Twenty-fifth reading: present. "Baton Rouge campuses" names the places that close.
  • Guidanceabsent0/25

    Final assessment

    25 of 25 passes marked this absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.

    The protective action to take. A clear, specific instruction, such as shelter in place, evacuate, avoid the area, or run-hide-fight, drives faster and more correct protective behavior than describing the threat alone.

    See all 25 individual reads
    1. absent: First reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    2. absent: Second reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    3. absent: Third reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    4. absent: Fourth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    5. absent: Fifth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    6. absent: Sixth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    7. absent: Seventh reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    8. absent: Eighth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    9. absent: Ninth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    10. absent: Tenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    11. absent: Eleventh reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    12. absent: Twelfth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    13. absent: Thirteenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    14. absent: Fourteenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    15. absent: Fifteenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    16. absent: Sixteenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    17. absent: Seventeenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    18. absent: Eighteenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    19. absent: Nineteenth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    20. absent: Twentieth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    21. absent: Twenty-first reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    22. absent: Twenty-second reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    23. absent: Twenty-third reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    24. absent: Twenty-fourth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
    25. absent: Twenty-fifth reading: absent. Closing campuses and setting a reopen time is a schedule change, not a shelter or avoid instruction.
  • Timepresent25/25

    Final assessment

    25 of 25 passes marked this present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.

    When the message applies. A timestamp, the word now or immediately, or a phrase like until further notice tells the reader whether the danger is current and how quickly to act.

    See all 25 individual reads
    1. present: First reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    2. present: Second reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    3. present: Third reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    4. present: Fourth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    5. present: Fifth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    6. present: Sixth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    7. present: Seventh reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    8. present: Eighth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    9. present: Ninth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    10. present: Tenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    11. present: Eleventh reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    12. present: Twelfth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    13. present: Thirteenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    14. present: Fourteenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    15. present: Fifteenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    16. present: Sixteenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    17. present: Seventeenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    18. present: Eighteenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    19. present: Nineteenth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    20. present: Twentieth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    21. present: Twenty-first reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    22. present: Twenty-second reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    23. present: Twenty-third reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    24. present: Twenty-fourth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
    25. present: Twenty-fifth reading: present. "1 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 10" and "Thursday, Sept. 12 at noon" time the closure.
  • Impactabsent0/25

    Final assessment

    25 of 25 passes marked this absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.

    What the hazard could do to the people in its path. Beyond naming the threat, a complete warning conveys its potential consequences or severity, such as that a tornado can level buildings or that a leak could be explosive, so recipients grasp how much danger they are in. Research on warning message content finds that a concrete impact statement helps people personalize their risk and act sooner.

    See all 25 individual reads
    1. absent: First reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    2. absent: Second reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    3. absent: Third reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    4. absent: Fourth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    5. absent: Fifth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    6. absent: Sixth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    7. absent: Seventh reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    8. absent: Eighth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    9. absent: Ninth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    10. absent: Tenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    11. absent: Eleventh reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    12. absent: Twelfth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    13. absent: Thirteenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    14. absent: Fourteenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    15. absent: Fifteenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    16. absent: Sixteenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    17. absent: Seventeenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    18. absent: Eighteenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    19. absent: Nineteenth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    20. absent: Twentieth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    21. absent: Twenty-first reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    22. absent: Twenty-second reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    23. absent: Twenty-third reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    24. absent: Twenty-fourth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.
    25. absent: Twenty-fifth reading: absent. The storm is named, and no injury or damage word is added.

Coded by SuperGrok Heavy 4.5

Systematic AI judgments with visible reasoning, not human-validated codings.

About this analysis
Context

Background

The notices are the @SouthernU_BR self-threads. Three signup posts in those threads were left out because the two reads did not agree on the link text. Photos are not part of the text.
Analysis

Key Findings

Residential students were told to shelter in place or go home if it was safe.
The reopen post says the Baton Rouge campuses were clear for Friday, Sept. 13.
Outcome
Normal operations resumed Friday, Sept. 13. Housing students were told they would keep dining service during the closure.
Provenance

Sources

Every claim on this page is meant to be checkable. Open the links below (and the Verify this quote control under each confirmed alert) to read the original university, news, or archive page yourself. Hostnames are shown so you can see where you are going; archived copies survive when live pages move or disappear. See also our methodology.

  1. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  2. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  3. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  4. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  5. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  6. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  7. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
  8. Official
    @SouthernU_BR Francine notice
    x.com
    archived copy
Cite this case

Campus Alert Archive. "Southern University and A&M College: Baton Rouge campuses close for the tropical storm, then reopen after it passes." Incident of September 10, 2024. Added October 2026. https://campusalertarchive.com/case/southern-university-baton-rouge-francine-closure-2024-09-10/

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Alert text quoted on this page remains the work of the issuing institution; the archive is a secondary source.

Tags
hbculouisianasouthern-universityhurricane
Added October 2026Updated October 2026Via ingestion