Gunfire during homecoming celebrations kills one person and injures two others

To check this alert, Claude (an AI) read it in full 25 separate times, independently. Each read decided whether the message answers each of the six questions and gave a short reason. A final reviewer then weighed all 25 and wrote the plain-English verdict you see when you open a row. The score (for example 22/25) is how many reads agreed; the 25 individual reads are tucked underneath if you want to check them.

• Sourcepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: Campus Police is named as the issuing authority.

  Who is sending the alert and who is responding. People act faster on a message from a clearly identifiable, credible sender, such as a named department, the police, or a branded alert system, than on an anonymous notice. A branded signature counts.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Identifies "Campus Police" as the issuing authority.
  2. present: Names "Campus Police" as the issuing authority.
  3. present: References "Campus Police", the responding authority.
  4. present: Names "Campus Police" as the issuing authority.
  5. present: References "Campus Police", the responding authority.
  6. present: "Campus Police" plus the campus context identify the issuing authority.
  7. present: Names "Campus Police" as the authority giving the all clear.
  8. present: It cites "Campus Police", indicating the responding authority as source.
  9. present: "Campus Police" identifies the responding authority and an "all clear signal".
  10. present: Names "Campus Police", a responding authority.
  11. present: Names the authority, "Campus Police".
  12. present: Refers to "Campus Police" giving the all clear, the responding authority.
  13. present: Names "Campus Police", the responding authority.
  14. present: It names "Campus Police" as the responding authority.
  15. present: References "Campus Police" giving the all-clear, identifying the authority.
  16. present: Names "Campus Police" as the responding authority.
  17. present: Names "Campus Police" as the issuing authority.
  18. present: Names "Campus Police", the responding authority.
  19. present: Names "Campus Police" as the issuing authority.
  20. present: Names "Campus Police" who give the all clear, identifying the responding authority.
  21. present: It references "Campus Police" giving an all-clear signal, a campus authority.
  22. present: Names "Campus Police" as the authority that will give the all-clear.
  23. present: Names "Campus Police" as the responding authority.
  24. present: Names "Campus Police", the responding/issuing authority.
  25. present: Names "Campus Police" as the authority giving the all clear.
• Hazardpresent25/25

  Final assessment

  All reads agree: the alert names a specific hazard, a reported shooting on campus.

  What the threat actually is. A complete warning names the specific danger, such as a shooter, a fire, a tornado, or a gas leak, rather than a vague emergency, because people decide what to do based on what they are facing.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: States the hazard specifically: "A shooting has been reported on campus."
  2. present: Names the hazard, "A shooting".
  3. present: Names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  4. present: Names a specific threat, "A shooting has been reported on campus".
  5. present: Names a specific threat: "A shooting has been reported on campus."
  6. present: It names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  7. present: Names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  8. present: It names "A shooting" that "has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  9. present: Names a specific threat: "A shooting has been reported on campus".
  10. present: Names "A shooting", a specific threat.
  11. present: Names a specific threat, "A shooting has been reported on campus."
  12. present: Names "A shooting" reported on campus, a specific threat.
  13. present: Names "A shooting", a specific threat.
  14. present: It names a specific threat, "A shooting has been reported on campus."
  15. present: Names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  16. present: Names a specific threat, "A shooting has been reported on campus".
  17. present: Names "A shooting", a specific threat.
  18. present: Names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  19. present: Names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  20. present: Names a specific threat, "A shooting has been reported on campus".
  21. present: It names "A shooting" reported on campus, a specific threat.
  22. present: Names "A shooting", a specific threat.
  23. present: Names a specific threat: "A shooting has been reported on campus".
  24. present: Names "A shooting has been reported on campus", a specific threat.
  25. present: Names a specific threat, "A shooting has been reported".
• Locationpresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: a location is given, on campus.

  Where the threat is. Saying whether danger is in a specific building, a part of campus, or area-wide lets people judge their own proximity and choose a safe direction. Without a where, a warning is hard to act on precisely.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Gives location "on campus."
  2. present: Locates it "on campus".
  3. present: Locates it "on campus", a campus location.
  4. present: Says it is "on campus", a place.
  5. present: States it is "on campus."
  6. present: It refers to "on campus", a location.
  7. present: Says it is "on campus", a location reference.
  8. present: It says it occurred "on campus", a location.
  9. present: Locates it "on campus", a campus location.
  10. present: Says it was "on campus".
  11. present: Specifies "on campus".
  12. present: Says it is "on campus", a location.
  13. present: Says it was reported "on campus", a location.
  14. present: It locates it "on campus."
  15. present: States it is "on campus", a location.
  16. present: Says it is "on campus".
  17. present: Specifies "on campus".
  18. present: Specifies "on campus", a location.
  19. present: Says "on campus", a named area.
  20. present: States the location, "on campus".
  21. present: It says the shooting was "on campus", a location.
  22. present: Says it is "on campus", a location.
  23. present: Specifies "on campus".
  24. present: Says "on campus", a location.
  25. present: Locates it "on campus".
• Guidancepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  All reads agree the alert instructs recipients to seek shelter immediately and not leave the secure location, protective actions.

  The protective action to take. A clear, specific instruction, such as shelter in place, evacuate, avoid the area, or run-hide-fight, drives faster and more correct protective behavior than describing the threat alone.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Instructs recipients: "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location."
  2. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until all clear.
  3. present: Instructs "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location", protective actions.
  4. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until all clear, protective actions.
  5. present: Instructs recipients: "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location."
  6. present: It instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until all clear, protective actions.
  7. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave the secure location.
  8. present: It instructs "seek shelter immediately" and to wait for an all clear, protective actions.
  9. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not to leave until all clear.
  10. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until all clear.
  11. present: Instructs recipients, "If you are on campus, seek shelter immediately."
  12. present: Instructs to "seek shelter immediately" and stay in your secure location.
  13. present: Instructs "seek shelter immediately" and not to leave until an all clear, protective actions.
  14. present: It instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location."
  15. present: Instructs, "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location", protective actions.
  16. present: Instructs to "seek shelter immediately" and not to leave until all clear.
  17. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and await an all-clear.
  18. present: Directs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave, protective actions.
  19. present: Instructs, "seek shelter immediately" and "Do not leave your secure location".
  20. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until given an all clear, protective actions.
  21. present: It instructs "seek shelter immediately" and do not leave until all-clear, protective actions.
  22. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until an all-clear.
  23. present: Instructs recipients: "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location".
  24. present: Instructs "seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location", protective actions.
  25. present: Instructs recipients to "seek shelter immediately" and stay until an all clear.
• Timepresent16/25

  Final assessment

  Majority treats immediately as a recency cue; a minority found no clock time, date, or recency word.

  When the message applies. A timestamp, the word now or immediately, or a phrase like until further notice tells the reader whether the danger is current and how quickly to act.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. absent: Conveys no clock time, date, or recency word.
  2. present: Uses recency cue "immediately".
  3. present: Says to seek shelter "immediately", a recency cue.
  4. present: Says "immediately", a recency cue.
  5. present: Says "immediately", an urgency and recency cue.
  6. present: The word "immediately" conveys recency.
  7. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears in the message.
  8. present: It says "seek shelter immediately", an immediacy cue.
  9. present: Says "immediately", a recency cue.
  10. present: Says to seek shelter "immediately", a recency cue.
  11. present: Conveys recency with "immediately".
  12. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears.
  13. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears in the text.
  14. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears in the text.
  15. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears in the text.
  16. present: Says "immediately", a recency cue.
  17. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears.
  18. present: Says "immediately", a recency cue.
  19. present: Says "immediately", a recency cue.
  20. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue is given, "immediately" qualifies the shelter action not a current time.
  21. present: The word "immediately" conveys urgency and recency.
  22. present: Uses "immediately", a recency cue for action now.
  23. present: The word "immediately" conveys recency.
  24. present: Says "immediately", conveying present urgency.
  25. absent: No clock time, date, or recency cue appears.
• Impactabsent12/25

  Final assessment

  Absent by a narrow 13 to 12 majority: a reported shooting with shelter guidance names the hazard without stating injury or explicit danger; dissent read the shelter urgency as implying danger.

  What the hazard could do to the people in its path. Beyond naming the threat, a complete warning conveys its potential consequences or severity, such as that a tornado can level buildings or that a leak could be explosive, so recipients grasp how much danger they are in. Research on warning message content finds that a concrete impact statement helps people personalize their risk and act sooner.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Reports a shooting and urges immediate shelter, implying danger to people.
  2. absent: Reports a shooting and instructs sheltering but states no actual harm or stated danger.
  3. present: It reports a shooting and tells people to seek shelter immediately and not leave a secure location, implying danger.
  4. present: It reports a shooting and urges seeking shelter immediately, implying danger to people on campus.
  5. absent: Reports a shooting and to seek shelter but states no harm beyond naming the hazard.
  6. absent: It reports a shooting and shelter guidance but states no injury or explicit danger.
  7. absent: Reports a shooting and says seek shelter but states no explicit harm or consequence.
  8. absent: Reports a shooting and says seek shelter but states no actual casualty or danger explicitly.
  9. present: Reports a shooting and tells people to seek shelter immediately, implying danger to people on campus.
  10. absent: Reports a shooting and says seek shelter but states no explicit harm, severity, or casualty.
  11. absent: Reports a shooting and tells people to seek shelter but states no stated harm or consequence.
  12. present: A shooting reported with instruction to seek shelter immediately implies danger to people.
  13. present: Reports a shooting and instructs immediate sheltering implying danger to people.
  14. absent: Reports a shooting and to seek shelter immediately but states no explicit harm or severity.
  15. absent: A shooting is reported with shelter guidance but no injury or explicit danger consequence is stated.
  16. present: Reports a shooting and directs immediate sheltering, implying danger to people.
  17. present: Reports a shooting and directs people to seek shelter immediately, implying danger to people.
  18. absent: Reports a shooting and shelter instruction but does not explicitly state harm or for safety.
  19. absent: It reports a shooting and tells people to seek shelter but states no injury or explicit danger beyond the hazard name.
  20. absent: Reports a shooting and tells people to seek shelter but no injury or explicit danger is stated.
  21. present: Reports a shooting and instructs immediate shelter until all clear, implying danger to people.
  22. absent: It reports a shooting and tells people to seek shelter but states no specific harm or danger to people.
  23. present: Reports a shooting and urges immediate shelter, implying danger to people.
  24. present: A reported shooting plus instruction to seek shelter immediately conveys danger to people.
  25. present: A reported shooting plus the urgent instruction to seek shelter implies danger to people.